tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15154694733495841402011-11-28T05:33:32.970+05:30Hiren a Mechanical Engineernoreply@blogger.comBlogger631100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1515469473349584140.post-69460402691476320672008-01-19T16:25:00.000+05:302008-01-19T16:39:48.302+05:30

Quality Assurance Jobs available online.....

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GLOSSARY OF QUALITY ASSURANCE TERMSAbsolute method: a body of procedures and techniques for which measurement isbased entirely on physically defined, fundamental quantities.Acceptable quality level: a limit above which quality is considered satisfactory andbelow which it is not. In sampling inspection, the maximum percentage of defectsor failures that can be considered satisfactory as an

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Now, '100 percent' vegetarian eggsErode (Tamil Nadu): Here's some good news for diehard vegetarians who may yet like to tuck in some eggs. India's leading egg powder manufacturer and exporter will launch a "100 percent vegetarian egg" in the coming year."We will commercially launch the completely 100 percent vegetarian eggs both in the domestic market and also export them across the world in a

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Flextronics purchasing Solectron for $3.6 billion

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Quality ManagementA systematic set of activities to ensure that processes create products with maximum *Quality* at minimum *Cost of Quality*. The activities include *Quality Assurance*, *Quality Control*, and *Quality Improvement*.

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AssuranceA planned and systematic set of activities to ensure that variances in processes are clearly identified, assessed and improving defined processes for fullfilling the requirements of customers and product or service makers.A planned and systematic pattern of all actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that the product optimally fulfils customer's expectations.A planned and

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QualityQuality is difficult to define, it's an abstract term, it requires continuous and dynamic adaptation of products and services to fulfill or exceed the requirements or expectations of all parties in the organization and the community as a whole.----------------'Quality means conformance to requirements' (Philip Crosby, 'Quality Is Free'). It does not matter whether or not the requirements

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QS-9000QS-9000 is a quality system standard that focuses on helping automotive suppliers ensure that they are meeting/exceeding automotive customer requirements. As mentioned before, it uses ISO 9000 as a core (document control, corrective action, auditing, etc.), but adds quite a few additional requirements.QS-9000 is now being replaced by a newer related standard called ISO/TS 16949. TS 16949

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1-Sample Sign Test2-Sample t Test3P5 Laws of Lean Six Sigma5 Why's5C5S5Z6 Ms6 Serving Men of Creativity6W7 QC Tools7 Wastes Of Lean8 D Process8 Wastes of Lean ^ Top A Acceptable Quality Level - AQLAcceptance NumberAccessory PlanningAccountabilityAccountableAccuracyActive DataActivity Based Costing ABCAffinity DiagramAliasAlpha RiskAlternative Hypothesis HaAnalysis Of Variance ANOVAAnalytical

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A lower specification limit is a value above which performance of a product or process is acceptable. This is also known as a lower spec limit or LSL.Lower Specific Limit: representing the minimum acceptable value of a variable (see also USL)

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LIFOLast In, First Out. A method of inventory rotation to ensure that the newest inventory (last in) is used first (first out).

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Lead TimeThe amount of time, defined by the supplier, that is required to meet a customer request or demand. (Note, Lead Time is not the same as Cycle Time).

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KanbanKanban: A Japanese term. The actual term means "signal". It is one of the primary tools of a Just in Time (JIT) manufacturing system. It signals a cycle of replenishment for production and materials. This can be considered as a “demand” for product from on step in the manufacturing or delivery process to the next. It maintains an orderly and efficient flow of materials throughout the entire

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KaizenJapanese term that means continuous improvement, taken from words 'Kai' means continuous and 'zen' means improvement.Some translate 'Kai' to mean change and 'zen' to mean good, or for the better.The same japanese words Kaizen that pronounce as 'Gai San' in chinese mean:Gai= The action to correct.San= This word is more related to the Taoism or Buddhism Philosophy in which give the definition

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Just In Time (JIT) ManufacturingA planning system for manufacturing processes that optimizes availability of material inventories at the manufacturing site to only what, when & how much is necessary. Typically a JIT Mfg. avoids the conventional Conveyor Systems. JIT is a pull system where the product is pulled along to its finish, rather than the conventional mass production which is a push

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ISO 9000 Series of StandardsSeries of standards established in the 1980s by countries of Western Europe as a basis for judging the adequacy of the quality control systems of companies.

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Inspection PlanWhat is an inspection plan:a. check machine tool for accuracyb. select the critical and important dimensions to inspectc. select the measuring insturmentsd. construct SPC charts for all dimensionsThis is part of NIMS certification for H.S. machine shop teachers and I could use some help! Thanks Jim----------------------The general purposes of a Plan are these: To identify the goal(

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InspectionSee *Fagan-style Inspection*, *Software Inspection*Note: 'Inspection' outside of the software field may have a different -- and negative -- connotation equivalent to software 'testing'. It was the latter type of inspection that Deming condemned when he wrote, 'We must cease dependence on mass inspection' as a quality management technique.

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Incoming Goods InspectionIncoming Goods Inspection (IGI)A verification check if the product arrived in good condition at your warehouse before accepting them into your stock. In some cases additional measurements are required to verify if the product is according to the desired specification, but in general it means checking if the boxes are OK, the labels are there in the right place, the

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ICTInformation Communication Technology

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HistogramA bar graph of a frequency distribution in which the widths of the bars are proportional to the classes into which the variable has been divided and the heights of the bars are proportional to the class frequencies.A histogram is a basic graphing tool that displays the relative frequency or occurrence of continuous data values showing which values occur most and least frequently. A

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Green BeltAn employee of an organization who has been trained on the improvement methodology of Six Sigma and will lead a process improvement or quality improvement team as *part* of their full time job. Their degree of knowledge and skills associated with Six Sigma is less than that of a Black Belt or Master Black Belt. Extensive product knowledge in their company is a must in their task of

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Goal1. A goal is a targeted value by a design team while building a quality process/product.2. A goal can also be defined as a customer voice. What the customer is asking for or specifying.The goal must be SMART: See S.M.A.R.T. in this dictionary.A Goal is a targeted result of a process (design or currently running). In a service Industry, the goal can be satisfaction of the Customer. In layman

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GlobalizationSocial, economical, environmetal and technological perspectives to the many cultures that exist in the world.

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Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)A procedure and tools that help to identify every possible failure mode of a process or product, to determine its effect on other sub-items and on the required function of the product or process. The FMEA is also used to rank & prioritize the possible causes of failures as well as develop and implement preventative actions, with responsible persons

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First Time Yield - FTYFirst Time Yield (FTY) is simply the number of good units produced divided by the number of total units going into the process. For example:You have a process of that is divided into four sub-processes - A, B, C and D. Assume that you have 100 units entering process A. To calculate FTY you would:1. Calculate the yield (number out of step/number into step) of each step. 2.

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FIFOFirst In, First Out. A method of inventory rotation to ensure that the oldest inventory (first in) is used first (first out).

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F-ChartAn F-Chart is a chart that carries a significant amount of misleading information, rendering it unfit for the intended analysis. A good example of an F-Chart can be found in the boxplots output of the 2-Sample t-test, and One Way ANOVA in Minitab release 14. The presence of a line connecting the means of each subgroup serves no apparant purpose, and could potentially mislead the reader

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ERPStands for Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP refers to software packages that attempt to consolidate all the information flowing through the company from finance to human resources. ERP allows companies to standardize their data, streamline their analysis process, and manage long term business planning with greater ease.

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EmpowermentA series of actions designed to give employees greater control over their working lives. Businesses give employees empowerment to motivate them according to the theories of Abraham Maslow and Fredrick Herzberg.To invest with power or give authority to complete. To empower employees.Being allowed to make decisions and take actions on your own, apart from management.A contract that

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EfficiencyA term denoting to the relationship between outputs and inputs. It requires generating higher outputs as related to inputs. It means enhancing productivity, i.e less rework, less errors and optimal use of resources.A term indicating the optimization of productivity (measured outputs over measured inputs)typically stated on a 0-100% scale. To improve efficiency, the productivity ratio

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Effectivenessef·fec·tive Pronunciation Key (-fktv)adj. Having an intended or expected effect. Producing a strong impression or response; striking: gave an effective performance as Othello. Operative; in effect: The law is effective immediately. Existing in fact; actual: a decline in the effective demand. Prepared for use or action, especially in warfare. Bridging the gap between the society's

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ECREngineering Change Request: A request or suggestion to Engineering for an improvement in a process or procedure.Eficient Consumer Response: A term used to describe a way of doing business in the grocery industry that involves trading partners.

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ECOEngineer Change Order...Engineering changes in procedures that will be implemented in a new revision of a procedure.

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Design of Experiments - DOEA Design of Experiment (DOE) is a structured, organized method for determining the relationship between factors (Xs) affecting a process and the output of that process (Y).Other Definitions:1 - Conducting and analyzing controlled tests to evaluate the factors that control the value of a parameter or group of parameters. 2- "Design of Experiments" (DoE) refers to

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Design For Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA)A methodology and tool set used to determine how to simpilify a current or future product design and/or manufacturing process to achieve cost savings. DFMA allows for improved supply chain cost management, product quality and manufacturing, and communication between Design, Manufacturing, Purchasing and Management.

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Deming Cycle, PDCAThe Deming Cycle, or PDCA Cycle (also known as PDSA Cycle), is a continuous quality improvement model consisting out of a logical sequence of four repetitive steps for continuous improvement and learning: Plan, Do, Study (Check) and Act. The PDSA cycle (or PDCA) is also known as the Deming Cycle, the Deming wheel of continuous improvement spiral. Its origin can be traced back to

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Defects Per Unit - DPUDPU or Defects Per Unit is the average number of defects observed when sampling a population. DPU = Total # of Defects / Total populationConsider 100 electronic assemblies going through a functional test. If 10 of these fail the first time around, we have a first pass yield of 90%. Let's say the 10 fails get reworked and re-tested and 5 pass the second time around; the 5

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Defects Per Million Opportunities - DPMODefects per million opportunities (DPMO) is the average number of defects per unit observed during an average production run divided by the number of opportunities to make a defect on the product under study during that run normalized to one million.Defects Per Million Opportunities. Synonymous with PPM.To convert DPU to DPMO, the calculation step is

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DefectiveThe word defective describes an entire unit that fails to meet acceptance criteria, regardless of the number of defects within the unit. A unit may be defective because of one or more defects.

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DefectAny type of undesired result is a defect.A failure to meet one of the acceptance criteria of your customers. A defective unit may have one or more defects.'A defect is a failure to conform to requirements' (Crosby, 'Quality Is Free'), whether or not those requirements have been articulated or specified.The non-conformance to intended usage requirement.

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Cycle TimeCycle time is the total time from the beginning to the end of your process, as defined by you and your customer. Cycle time includes process time, during which a unit is acted upon to bring it closer to an output, and delay time, during which a unit of work is spent waiting to take the next action.In a nutshell - Cycle Time is the total elapsed time to move a unit of work from the

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Customer RequirementsThe wants or voice-of-customer in Stated or ImpliedTerms. Most of the times the customer is enabled to state the requirements precisely. (Like please bring me a glass of luke warm water to drink). However customer may not always be able to precisely state or equipped to realize the basic attributes of his requirements. It is therefore the responsibility of the supplier to

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CpkProcess Capability index ('equivalent') taking account of off-centredness: effectively the Cp for a centered process producing a similar level of defects - the ratio between permissible deviation, measured from the mean value to the nearest specific limit of acceptability, and the actual one-sided 3 x sigma spread of the process. As a formula, Cpk = either (USL-Mean)/(3 x sigma) or (Mean-LSL)/

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CpProcess Capability index: a measure of the ability of a process to produce consistent results - the ratio between the permissible spread and the actual spread of a process. Permissible spread is the difference between the upper and lower specific limits of acceptibility (a.k.a. total tolerance); actual spread is defined, arbitrarily, as the difference between upper and lower 3 x sigma

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Correction versus Corrective ActionCorrection is taken to rectify a known nonconformance; Corrective Action is taken to prevent recurrence of said nonconformance.

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Control ChartA graphical tool for monitoring changes that occur within a process, by distinguishing variation that is inherent in the process(common cause) from variation that yield a change to the process(special cause). This change may be a single point or a series of points in time - each is a signal that something is different from what was previously observed and measured.

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Coefficient of VariationCoefficient of variation is defined as the relative measure of dispersion it relates the mean and standard deviation by expressing the Std deviation as a % of mean. The benefit of standard deviation is a absolute measure which explains the dispersion in the same unit as original data.

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CMMThe Capability Maturity Model for Software (also known as the CMM and SW-CMM) has been a model used by many organizations to identify best practices useful in helping them increase the maturity of their processes. Also: Co-ordinate Measuring Machine is a CNC measuring machine capable of performing Reverse engineering and Dimentional inspection of Critical components.

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Capability AnalysisCapability analysis is a graphical or statistical tool that visually or mathematically compares actual process performance to the performance standards established by the customer. To analyze (plot or calculate) capability you need the mean and standard deviation associated with the required attribute in a sample of product (usually n=30), and customer requirements associated

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CAPAAcronym for Corrective and Preventive Action.Corrective action:Action taken to eliminate the cause of the existing non-conformity to prevent its recurrence.Preventive action:Action taken to eliminate the cause of potential non-conformity.Both of these are prevention oriented.The quick fix type actions are called as corrections

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CalibrationCalibration is simply the comparison of instrument performance to a standard of known accuracy. It may simply involve this determination of deviation from nominal or include correction (adjustment) to minimize the errors. Properly calibrated equipment provides confidence that your products/services meet their specifications. Calibration: increases production yields, optimizes resources

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Business Process Quality ManagementAlso called Process Management or Reengineering. The concept of defining macro and micro processes, assigning ownership, and creating responsibilities of the owners.

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BiasBias in a sample is the presence or influence of any factor that causes the population or process being sampled to appear different from what it actually is. Bias is introduced into a sample when data is collected without regard to key factors that may influence it. A one line description of bias might be: "It is the difference between the observed mean reading and reference value."

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BenchmarkingThe concept of discovering what is the best performance being achieved, whether in your company, by a competitor, or by an entirely different industry.Benchmarking is an improvement tool whereby a company measures its performance or process against other companies' best practices, determines how those companies achieved their performance levels, and uses the information to improve its

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AuditA timely process or system, inspection to ensure that specifications conform to documented quality standards. An Audit also brings out discrepencies between the documented standards and the standards followed and also might show how well or how badly the documented standards support the processes currently followed.Corrective, Preventive & Improvement Actions should be undertaken to mitigate

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APQPAdvanced Product Quality PlanningPhase 1 - Plan & Define Programme - determining customer needs, requirements & expectations using tools such as QFD review the entire quality planning process to enable the implementation of a quality programme how to define & set the inputs & the outputs.Phase 2 - Product Design & Development - review the inputs & execute the outputs, which include FMEA, DFMA

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Acceptable Quality Level - AQLAcceptable Quality Level. Also referred to as Assured Quality Level. The largest quantity of defectives in a certain sample size that can make the lot definitely acceptable; Customer will definitely prefer the zero defect products or services and will ultimately establish the acceptable level of quality. Competition however, will 'educate' the customer and establish

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7 QC ToolsHistograms Cause and Effect Diagram Check Sheets Pareto Diagrams Graphs Control Charts Scatter Diagrams These are 7 QC tools also known as ISHIKAWAS 7QC tools which revolutionised the Japane & the World in Sixties & Seventies

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The 5 why's typically refers to the practice of asking, five times, why the failure has occurred in order to get to the root cause/causes of the problem. There can be more than one cause to a problem as well. In an organizational context, generally root cause analysis is carried out by a team of persons related to the problem. No special technique is required.An example is in order:You are on

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5S5S is the Japanese concept for House Keeping.1.) Sort (Seiri)2.) Straighten (Seiton)3.) Shine (Seiso)4.) Standardize (Seiketsu)5.) Sustain (Shitsuke)____________________________________________I think the concept of 5S has been twisted and its real meaning and intention has been lost due to attempts to keep each element in English word to start with letter 'S', like the real Nippongo words (

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Surface mount technology (SMT) is a method for constructing electronic circuits in which the components are mounted directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Electronic devices so made are called surface-mount devices or SMDs. In the industry it has largely replaced the previous construction method of fitting components with wire leads into holes in the circuit board (also

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1.1 The eight disciplines are:1.1.1 D0 – Awareness of the Problem . Customer (at the site or in the field) concern or internal (process, product or system) concern.1.1.2 D1 – Establish the Team. The team is cross-functional, assuring the right knowledge, skills and experience is represented. All perspectives of the problem are represented (the stakeholders). The team size should be manageable to

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